Optical Dynamics of Electrochromic Nanoparticle‐on‐Mirror Metafilms This suggests that such tunable directional color dynamics developed in all‐printed plasmonic devices can unlock the full potential of flexible plasmonics for industrial applications.Ģ.1. Depending on the interaction with the direction of propagating light, such metafilms give rise to directional plasmonic coloring effects and dynamics induced by the thin‐mirror configuration. The printed colors are not only uniform across tens of centimeters (scale limit of our commercial printer), but also sustain their performance while bending the supporting plastic film underneath. Large‐scale flexible active plasmonic metafilms are fabricated by depositing eNPoM structures onto ultrathin metallized plastic films via printing and coating. Here we demonstrate all‐printed flexible active plasmonic metafilms, which address the two challenges above together, namely flexibility and large‐area nanopatterning. ] there have been no demonstrations for flexible electrochromic plasmonic systems. ] While there are a few examples of printed static plasmonics, such as surface‐enhanced Raman scattering substrates, [ ] In particular, with inks containing functional nanoparticles, very thin and uniform nanostructured electronic films can be directly deposited on large‐area or flexible substrates, and even 3D objects. Such methods have emerged as key for flexible and wearable electronics. ] A plausible solution to tackle such limitations is using nozzle‐based printing techniques including 3D, inkjet, and aerosol‐jet printing. However, their required pre‐determined master templates still rely on rastering techniques, which are expensive and vulnerable to defects (or contamination). ] can pattern target structures on large‐area plastic repeatedly. In contrast, imprinting and transfer approaches [ ] are the preferred choice for patterning nanostructures with high precision, but they are generally expensive, time‐consuming, and less compatible with flexible plastics. ] Rastering techniques including electron‐ and focused‐ion beam lithographies [ Heavy reliance on complex lithographic processes is needed, especially in designs requiring nanoscale precision at the wafer scale. Large‐area nanopatterning is another challenge confronting the fabrication of these flexible systems. ] and/or poor long‐term reproducibility (<1 month). However these devices are typically rigid and suffer from limited optical switching (solely “on‐off” function), [ ] promises electrically‐tunable color switching. By contrast, combining plasmonic systems such as gratings [ However this limits their adoption since tuneability is limited and creating the forces required is nontrivial, particularly electrically. ] Mechanical deformation of these stretchable/bendable substrates modifies the inter‐element spacing, providing active optical tuning. One popular approach is to position plasmonic elements onto deformable flexible materials, typically elastomeric polymers. ] but it has been challenging to make these colors controllable electrically. Flexible static plasmonics can be formed via plasmonic nanostructures on plastic films, [ One highlydesired feature for device configuration is large‐area flexibility, spanning from wearable devices [ As a result, these hold promise for applications from “always‐on” electronic shelf labels to low‐energy‐consumption color‐changing films, but key challenges remain to unlock this vision. A significant potential advantage is that their fabrication can be scaled from the single nanoparticle level to meter‐scale metasurfaces via lithography‐free methods. ] ( eNPoM), has demonstrated strong vivid color dynamics across the visible spectrum with fast switching speeds (<100 ms) and low energy consumption (<0.3 mW cm −2). ] Recently, an advanced concept in plasmonic nanopixels, based on electrochromic nanoparticle‐on‐mirror constructs [ Active plasmonic coloration describes the tunable structural pigmentation generated by metallic nanostructures and has emerged as a critical application space for plasmonics.
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